Kidney stones are hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys, often causing severe pain. They can vary in size from tiny crystals to larger stones that may obstruct the urinary tract. Common types include calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Understanding the causes and risk factors is crucial for prevention and management.

The formation of kidney stones is influenced by factors such as dehydration, dietary habits, and certain medical conditions. Low fluid intake can lead to concentrated urine, increasing the risk of stone formation. Diets high in oxalate-rich foods, excessive salt, or protein can contribute to stone development. Conditions like hyperparathyroidism and some urinary tract infections can also predispose individuals to kidney stones.

Symptoms of kidney stones can range from mild discomfort to severe pain, often described as a sharp sensation in the back or side. Other symptoms may include blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, and frequent urination. If a stone obstructs the urinary tract, it can lead to serious complications, making early diagnosis and treatment essential.

Treatment options for kidney stones depend on size and type. Small stones may pass on their own with increased fluid intake and pain management. Larger stones might require procedures like lithotripsy, which uses shock waves to break them up, or surgical removal. Preventive measures, including dietary modifications and adequate hydration, can significantly reduce the risk of future stones. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers are important for ongoing management and to address underlying conditions.